• Lawyer • Politician • Writer Pamulaparti Venkata Narasimha Rao (28 June 1921 – 23 December 2004) was an Indian and who served as the, (1991–1996). His ascendancy to the prime ministership was politically significant in that he was the first holder of this office from a non-Hindi-speaking region, belonging to the southern part of India. He led an important administration, overseeing a major and several home incidents affecting national security of India. Rao, who held the, was personally responsible for the dismantling of the, as this came under the purview of the. He is often referred to as the 'Father of Indian Economic Reforms'. Future prime ministers and continued the economic reform policies pioneered by Rao's government. Rao accelerated the dismantling of the, reversing the policies of 's government.

He employed Dr. Manmohan Singh as his to embark on historic economic transition.

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With Rao's mandate, Dr. Manmohan Singh launched India's angle of the reforms that implemented the (IMF) policies to rescue the. Rao was also referred to as for his ability to steer tough economic and political legislation through the parliament at a time when he headed a. According to, 'Unlike Nehru, his knowledge of Sanskrit was profound. Nehru had a temper, PV a temperament. His roots were deep in the spiritual and religious soil of India.

He did not need to 'Discover India'. Described Rao as a 'patriotic statesman who believed that the nation is bigger than the political system'. Kalam acknowledged that Rao in fact asked him to get ready for nuclear tests in 1996 but they were not carried out as got changed due to.

The tests were later conducted by Vajpayee-led government. In fact Rao briefed Vajpayee on nuclear plans. Rao's term as Prime Minister was an eventful one in. Besides marking a paradigm shift from the industrialising, mixed economic model of to a market driven one, his years as Prime Minister also saw the emergence of the (BJP), a major right-wing party, as an alternative to the which had been governing India for most of its post-independence history. Rao's term also saw the destruction of the in in when BJP's Kalyan Singh was CM which triggered one of the worst Hindu-Muslim riots in the country since its independence.

Rao died in 2004 of a in New Delhi. He was cremated in.

He was a versatile personality with interests in a variety of subjects (other than politics) such as and (including ). He spoke 17 languages. Contents • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Early life [ ] PV Narasimha Rao had humble social origins. He was born in a Telugu Brahmin family in a village in Warangal District, now in Telangana, but later adopted and brought to village of Bheemadevarapalli mandal of district in, then part of, when he was three years old.

His father, Pamulaparthi Sitarama Rao, and mother, Pamulaparthi Rukmini (Rukminamma), hailed from agrarian families. Popularly known as PV, he completed part of his primary education in Katkuru village of Bheemdevarapalli mandal in Karimnagar district by staying in his relative Gabbeta Radhakishan Rao's house and studying for his degree in the Arts college at the. He later went on to, now under, where he completed a in law. Rao's mother tongue was, and he had an excellent command of.

In addition to eight other Indian languages (Hindi, Oriya, Bengali, Gujarati, Kannada, Sanskrit, Tamil and Urdu), he spoke English, French, Arabic, Spanish, German and Persian. Along with his distant cousin, Ch. Raja Narendra and Devulapalli Damodar Rao, PV edited a Telugu weekly magazine called Kakatiya Patrika in the 1940s.

Both PV and Sadasiva Rao contributed articles under the pen-name Jaya-Vijaya. Narasimha Rao was married to Satyamma Rao, who died in 1970. They had three sons and five daughters. His eldest son late was an education minister in 's cabinet and from Assembly Constituency, in Warangal District for two terms. His second son, Late P.V. Rajeswara Rao, was a of the (15 May 1996 – 4 December 1997) from. Political career [ ] Narasimha Rao was an active freedom fighter during the and joined full-time politics after independence as a member of the.

His tenure as Chief minister of Andhra Pradesh is well remembered even today for his land reforms and strict implementation of land ceiling acts in Telangana region. President's rule had to be imposed to counter the during his tenure. He rose to national prominence in 1972 for handling several diverse portfolios, most significantly Home, Defence and Foreign Affairs, in the cabinets of both Indira Gandhi and. In fact, it is speculated that he was in the running for the post of along with in 1982. Rao very nearly retired from politics in 1991. It was the that persuaded him to make a comeback.

As the Congress had won the largest number of seats in the, he had an opportunity to head the as Prime Minister. He was the first person outside the to serve as Prime Minister for five continuous years, the first to hail from the state of,and also the first from. Since Rao had not contested the general elections, he then participated in a in to join the parliament. Rao won from Nandyal with a victory margin of a record 5 lakh (500,000) votes and his win was recorded in the. His cabinet included, himself a strong contender for the Prime Minister's post, as.

He also broke a convention by appointing a non-political economist and future prime minister, as his. He also appointed, an Opposition party member as the Chairman of the Commission on Labour Standards and International Trade. This has been the only instance that an Opposition Party member was given a Cabinet rank post by the ruling party. He also sent Opposition leader, to represent India in a UN meeting at Geneva.

Elections fought [ ] Narasimha Rao fought and won elections from different parts of India such as, and. # Position Took Office Left Office Constituency 1 1957 1977, (now ) 2 1977 1980, (now ) 3 1980 1984, (now ) 4 1984 1989, 5 1989 1991, 6 1991 1996, 7 1996 1998, Achievements [ ] Economic reforms [ ]. See also: Adopted to avert impending, the reforms progressed furthest in the areas of opening up to, reforming, domestic business, and reforming the trade regime. Rao's government's goals were reducing the, of the public sector and increasing investment in infrastructure. Trade reforms and changes in the regulation of were introduced to open India to foreign trade while stabilising external loans.

Rao wanted as his. Patel was an official who helped prepare 14 budgets, an ex-governor of and had headed. But Patel declined. Rao then chose for the job.

Manmohan Singh, an acclaimed economist, played a central role in implementing these reforms. Major reforms in India's capital markets led to an influx of foreign portfolio investment. The major economic policies adopted by Rao include: • Abolishing in 1992 the Controller of Capital Issues which decided the prices and number of shares that firms could issue.

• Introducing the SEBI Act of 1992 and the Security Laws (Amendment) which gave the legal authority to register and regulate all security market intermediaries. • Opening up in 1992 of India's to investment by foreign institutional investors and permitting Indian firms to raise capital on international markets by issuing (GDRs). • Starting in 1994 of the as a computer-based trading system which served as an instrument to leverage reforms of India's other stock exchanges. The NSE emerged as India's largest exchange by 1996. • Reducing tariffs from an average of 85 percent to 25 percent, and rolling back quantitative controls.

(The rupee was made convertible on trade account.) • Encouraging foreign direct investment by increasing the maximum limit on share of foreign capital in joint ventures from 40 to 51% with 100% foreign equity permitted in priority sectors. • Streamlining procedures for FDI approvals, and in at least 35 industries, automatically approving projects within the limits for foreign participation.

The impact of these reforms may be gauged from the fact that total foreign investment (including foreign direct investment, portfolio investment, and investment raised on international capital markets) in India grew from a minuscule US $132 million in 1991–92 to $5.3 billion in 1995–96. Rao began industrial policy reforms with the manufacturing sector.

He slashed industrial, leaving only 18 industries subject to licensing. Industrial regulation was rationalised. National security, foreign policy and crisis management [ ]. Narasimha Rao at an awards function, 1993 Rao energised the national and program, which ultimately resulted in the. It is speculated that the tests were actually planned in 1995, during Rao's term in office, and that they were dropped under American pressure when the US intelligence got the whiff of it. Another view was that he purposefully leaked the information to gain time to develop and test thermonuclear device which was not yet ready. He increased military spending, and set the on course to fight the emerging threat of terrorism and insurgencies, as well as and nuclear potentials.

It was during his term that terrorism in the Indian state of was finally defeated. Also scenarios of, which occurred during Rao's time ended without the government conceding the terrorists' demands. He also directed negotiations to secure the release of Doraiswamy, an executive, from terrorists who kidnapped him, and Liviu Radu, a Romanian diplomat posted in New Delhi in October 1991, who was kidnapped by Sikh terrorists.

Rao also handled the Indian response to the occupation of the holy shrine in by terrorists in October 1993. He brought the occupation to an end without damage to the shrine.

Similarly, he dealt with the kidnapping of some foreign tourists by a terrorist group called Al Faran in Kashmir in 1995 effectively. Although he could not secure the release of the hostages, his policies ensured that the terrorists demands were not conceded to, and that the action of the terrorists was condemned internationally, including Pakistan. Rao also made diplomatic overtures to, the United States, and China. He decided in 1992 to bring into the open India's relations with, which had been kept covertly active for a few years during his tenure as a Foreign Minister, and permitted Israel to open an embassy in New Delhi. He ordered the intelligence community in 1992 to start a systematic drive to draw the international community's attention to alleged Pakistan's against India and not to be discouraged by US efforts to undermine the exercise. Rao launched the foreign policy, which brought India closer to. He decided to maintain a distance from the in order to avoid aggravating Beijing's suspicions and concerns, and made successful overtures to.

The 'cultivate ' policy was pushed through vigorously by him. These policies paid rich dividends for India in March 1994, when efforts to have a resolution passed by the in Geneva on the human rights situation in Jammu and Kashmir failed, with opposition by China and Iran. Rao's crisis management after the 12 March was highly praised. He personally visited Bombay after the blasts and after seeing evidence of Pakistani involvement in the blasts, ordered the intelligence community to invite the intelligence agencies of the US, UK and other West European countries to send their counter-terrorism experts to Bombay to examine the facts for themselves. Challenges faced in office [ ] Economic crisis and initiation of liberalisation [ ] Rao decided that India, which in 1991 was on the brink of bankruptcy, would benefit from its economy.

He appointed an economist, Dr. Manmohan Singh, a former governor of the, as to accomplish his goals. This liberalisation was criticised by many socialist nationalists at that time. Handling of separatist movements [ ].

See also: Rao successfully decimated the Punjab separatist movement and neutralised Kashmir separatist movement. It is said that Rao was 'solely responsible' for the decision to hold elections in Punjab, no matter how narrow the electorate base would be.

In dealing with Kashmir Rao's government was highly restrained by US government and its president Mr.Clinton. Rao's government introduced the (TADA), India's first anti-terrorism legislation, and directed the Indian Army to eliminate the infiltrators from Pakistan. Despite a heavy and largely successful Army campaign, Pakistani Media accuses that the state descended into a security nightmare. Tourism and commerce were also largely disrupted. Babri Mosque riots [ ]. See also: In the late 1980s, the (BJP) brought the issue to the centrestage of national politics, and the BJP and VHP began organising larger protests in Ayodhya and around the country Members of the (VHP) demolished the (which was constructed by India's first, ) in on 6 December 1992.

The site is the supposed birthplace of the Hindu deity. The destruction of the disputed structure, which was widely reported in the international media, unleashed large scale communal violence, the most extensive since the. Hindus and Muslims were indulged in massive rioting across the country, and almost every major city including Delhi, Mumbai,,,, struggled to control the unrest. [ ] Later, after extensive hearing and investigation, exonerated PV Narasimha Rao. It pointed out that Rao was heading a minority government, the Commission accepted the centre's submission that central forces could neither be deployed by the Union in the totality of facts and circumstances then prevailing, nor could President's Rule be imposed 'on the basis of rumours or media reports'. Taking such a step would have created 'bad precedent' damaging the federal structure and would have 'amounted to interference' in the state administration, it said.

The state 'deliberately and consciously understated' the risk to the disputed structure and general law and order. It also said that the Governor's assessment of the situation was either badly flawed or overly optimistic and was thus a major impediment for the central government. The Commission further said, '. Knowing fully well that its facetious undertakings before the Supreme Court had bought it sufficient breathing space, it (state government) proceeded with the planning for the destruction of the disputed structure. The Supreme Court's own observer failed to alert it to the sinister undercurrents.

The Governor and its intelligence agencies, charged with acting as the eyes and ears of the central government also failed in their task. Without substantive procedural prerequisites, neither the Supreme Court, nor the Union of India was able to take any meaningful steps.' In yet another discussion with journalist, Rao answered several of the questions on the demolition. He said he was wary of the impact of hundreds of deaths on the nation, and it could have been far worse.

And also he had to consider the scenario in which some of the troops might have turned around and joined the mobs instead. Regarding dismissal of Kalyan Singh (government), he said, 'mere dismissal does not mean you can take control. It takes a day or so appointing advisers, sending them to Lucknow, taking control of the state.

Meanwhile, what had to happen would have happened and there would have been no Kalyan Singh to blame either.' Latur earthquake [ ]. Main article: Narasimha Rao was charged for facilitating his safe exit of accused of 1995 Purulia arms drop case.

Although it was never proved. Corruption charges and acquittal [ ] Rao's government was facing a in July 1993, because the opposition felt that it did not have sufficient numbers to prove a majority. It was alleged that Rao, through a representative, offered millions of rupees to members of the (JMM), and possibly a breakaway faction of the, to vote for him during the confidence motion., one of those members who had accepted the bribe, turned. In 1996, after Rao's term in office had expired, investigations began in earnest in the case. In 2000, after years of legal proceedings, a special court convicted Rao and his colleague, (who is alleged to have escorted the MPs to the Prime Minister). Rao was sentenced to three years in prison for corruption. 'I sentence the accused PV Narasimha Rao and Buta Singh to rigorous imprisonment up to three years and a fine of 100,000 rupees ($2,150),' the judge said in his order.

Rao appealed to the and remained free on bail. In 2002, the Delhi High Court overturned the lower court's decision mainly due to the doubt in credibility of Mahato's statements (which were extremely inconsistent) and both Rao and Buta Singh were cleared of the charges. Rao, along with fellow minister, and, were accused of forging documents showing that had opened a bank account in the in and deposited $21 million in it, making his father its beneficiary. The alleged intent was to tarnish V.P. Singh's image.

This supposedly happened in 1989. However, only after Rao's term as PM had expired in 1996, was he formally charged by the (CBI) for the crime. Less than a year later the court acquitted him due to lack of evidence linking him with the case., an Indian businessman living in England, alleged that and alias Mamaji, along with Rao, cheated him out of $100,000.

The amount was given for an express promise for allowing supplies of paper pulp in India, and Pathak alleged that he spent an additional $30,000 entertaining Chandraswami and his secretary. Narasimha Rao and Chandraswami were acquitted of the charges in 2003 and before his death, Rao was acquitted of all the cases charged against him, Later life and financial difficulties [ ] In spite of significant achievements in a difficult situation, in the the Indian electorate voted out Rao's Congress Party. Soon, Sonia Gandhi's coterie forced Mr.

Rao to step down as Party President. He was replaced. Rao rarely spoke of his personal views and opinions during his 5-year tenure.

After his retirement from national politics, he published a novel called. The book, which follows a man's rise through the ranks of Indian politics, resembled events from Rao's own life. According to a vernacular source, despite holding many influential posts in Government, he faced many financial troubles.

One of his sons was educated with the assistance of his son-in-law. He also faced trouble paying fees for a daughter who was studying medicine. According to, an (IAS) officer who was Narasimha Rao's media advisor when the latter was Prime Minister, Rao asked his friends to sell away his house at to clear the dues of lawyers. Death [ ] Rao suffered a heart attack on 9 December 2004, and was taken to the where he died 14 days later at the age of 83. His family wanted the body cremated in Hyderabad.' This is his karmabhoomi', Rao's son Prabhakara told Manmohan Singh.

But Sonia Gandhi's closest aides ensured that the body was moved to Hyderabad. In Delhi, his body was not allowed inside building. His body was kept in state at the Jubilee Hall in. His funeral was attended by the then Prime Minister, the then Home Affairs Minister, the then (BJP) president, the then Defence Minister, the then Finance Minister and many other dignitaries. Rao was a long-time widower, since his wife died in 1970 and he was survived by his eight children. The Government of Telangana declared his birthday to be celebrated as a Telangana State function in 2014. Support for Bharat Ratna [ ] Many people across the party line supported the name of P.V.Narasimha Rao for.

Telangana CM KCR supported the move to give Bharat Ratna to Rao. Zelda No Densetsu Twilight Princess Iso Gamecube. Even BJP leader supported the move to give Bharat ratna to Rao.

According to PM Manmohan Singh wanted to give Bharat Ratna to Rao during his tenure. Literary achievements [ ] Rao had great interest in Indian literature among 16 languages. He was very fluent in many languages including his mother tongue Telugu, Marathi, Hindi, English, Tamil, Urdu, Kannada, Oriya, Sanskrit, French, and Spanish. He was able to speak 17 languages.

Due to his college education in in, then an affiliated college of the (but now with ), he became a very prolific reader and speaker of Marathi. He translated the great Telugu literary work of Kavi Samraat into Hindi as Sahasraphan. He also translated Hari Narayan Apte's Marathi novel Pan Lakshat Kon Gheto? (But who thinks?) into Telugu. He was also invited to be the chief guest of Akhil Bhartiya Marathi Sahitya Sanmelan where he gave speech in Marathi.

In his later life he wrote his autobiography, The Insider, which depicts his experiences in politics. 'Sonia Gandhi praised contributions of all Congress prime ministers except P V Narasimha Rao in her speech. Making no mention of Rao in her 15-minute speech, she said Rajiv Gandhi scripted the course of economic policies that were followed by the government (headed by Rao) for the following five years.' 'Even today, the Congress leadership shows extreme reluctance to acknowledge the role PV Narasimha Rao played in appointing as his finance minister and giving him the freedom to unveil the economic reforms package to bail the Indian economy out of an unprecedented crisis. The Congress leadership was correct in blaming Narasimha Rao for his political misjudgment on the. But it is now time the same leadership also acknowledged Narasimha Rao's role in ushering in economic reforms.' Bibliography [ ] • The Quest For Peace with Kotha Satchidananda Murthy (1986) • written pseudonymously (1990) • India and the Asia-Pacific: Forging a New Relationship (1994) • (1998) • A Long Way: Selected Speeches (2002) • published posthumously (2006) References [ ].

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Retrieved 23 June 2014. • • • Manmohan wanted to give Bharat Ratna to Atal, Narasimha Rao but failed: Baru • External links [ ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to. • at • • on Political offices Preceded by 1971–1973 Succeeded by Preceded by 1980–1984 Succeeded by Preceded by 1984 Succeeded by Preceded by 1984–1985 Preceded by 1986 Succeeded by Preceded by 1988–1989 Succeeded by Preceded by 1991–1996 Succeeded by Preceded by 1992–1993 Succeeded by Preceded by 1993–1996 Succeeded by Diplomatic posts Preceded by Chairperson of 1995 Succeeded.