In, an inner-ring suburb of. A suburb is a mixed-use or, existing either as part of a or or as a separate residential community within distance of a city. In most, suburban areas are defined in contrast to or areas, but in and, suburb has become largely synonymous with what is called a ' in other countries and the term extends to inner-city areas.

In some areas, such as,,, the, and a few, new suburbs are routinely by adjacent cities. In others, such as,,, and much of the, many suburbs remain separate or are governed as part of a larger area such as a. Suburbs first emerged on a large scale in the 19th and 20th centuries as a result of improved rail and road transport, which led to an increase in commuting.

In general, they have lower than neighborhoods within a metropolitan area, and most residents to central cities or other; however, there are many exceptions, including,, and. Suburbs tend to proliferate around cities that have an abundance of adjacent flat land. This section does not any. Unsourced material may be challenged and. (April 2016) () The English word is derived from the subburbe, which is in turn derived from the Latin suburbium, formed from sub (meaning 'under' or 'below') and urbs ('city'). The first recorded usage of the term in English, was made by in 1380, where the form subarbis was used, according to the. Australia and New Zealand [ ] In Australia and New Zealand, suburbs (in the wider sense noted in the lead paragraph) have become formalised as geographic subdivisions of a city and are used by postal services in addressing.

In rural areas in both countries, their equivalents are called localities (see ). The terms inner suburb and outer suburb are used to differentiate between the higher-density areas in proximity to the city center (which would not be referred to as 'suburbs' in most other countries), and the lower-density suburbs on the outskirts of the urban area. The term 'middle suburbs' is also used., such as in, in, in and in, are usually characterised by higher density housing and greater integration between commercial and residential areas. Britain and Ireland [ ] In the United Kingdom and in Ireland, suburb merely refers to a residential area outside the city centre, regardless of administrative boundaries. Suburbs, in this sense, can range from areas that seem more like residential areas of a city proper to areas separated by open countryside from the city centre. In large cities such as London, suburbs include formerly separate towns and villages that have been gradually absorbed during a city's growth and expansion, such as.

North America [ ] In the United States and Canada, suburb can refer either to an outlying of a city or town or to a separate or outside a town or city. History [ ] Early history [ ] The earliest appearance of suburbs coincided with the spread of the first urban settlements. Large walled towns tended to be the focus around which smaller villages grew up in a symbiotic relationship with the. The word 'suburbani' was first used by the Roman statesman in reference to the large villas and estates built by the wealthy patricians of on the city's outskirts.

Bombing Bombay. On March 12, 1993, ten bombs exploded across the city of. Bombay within a period of about two hours. The timed explosions were caused by large quantities of. Northwest suburb of Santacruz. These explosions. Hewitt, Kenneth. I say bomb the suburbs because the suburbs have been bombing us for at least the last forty years. They have waged an economic, political, and cultural war on life in the city. The city has responded by declaring war on itself. Bomb the Suburbs is a message to people who live in the city. It is a call to change your strategy.

Towards the end of the (up until 190 AD, when razed the city), the capital,, was mainly occupied by the emperor and important officials; the city's people mostly lived in small cities right outside Luoyang, which were suburbs in all but name. As populations grew during the in, urban towns swelled with a steady influx of people from the countryside. Bella Kitchen The Grill Griddle Manual. In some places, nearby settlements were swallowed up as the main city expanded. The peripheral areas on the outskirts of the city were generally inhabited by the very poorest.

Origins of the modern suburb [ ] Due to the rapid migration of the rural poor to the industrialising cities of England in the late 18th century, a trend in the opposite direction began to develop; that is, newly rich members of the middle classes began to purchase estates and villas on the outskirts of. This trend accelerated through the 19th century, especially in cities like London and that were experiencing tremendous growth, and the first suburban districts sprung up around the city centre to accommodate those who wanted to escape the squalid conditions of the industrial town. Toward the end of the century, with the development of public systems such as the, and, it became possible for the majority of the city's population to reside outside the city and to commute into the center for work. The cover of the guide published in 1921 By the mid-19th century, the first major suburban areas were springing up around as the city (then the largest in the world) became more overcrowded and unsanitary. A major catalyst in suburban growth came from the opening of the in the 1860s. The line joined the capital's financial heart in to what were to become the suburbs of. Was reached in 1880, and the line eventually extended as far as in, more than 50 miles (80 kilometres) from Baker Street and the centre of London.

Unlike other railway companies, which were required to dispose of surplus land, the Met was allowed to retain such land that it believed was necessary for future railway use. Initially, the surplus land was managed by the Land Committee, and, from the 1880s, the land was developed and sold to domestic buyers in places like Willesden Park Estate, Cecil Park, near and at Wembley Park. In 1912, it was suggested that a specially formed company should take over from the Surplus Lands Committee and develop suburban estates near the railway. However, World War I delayed these plans and it was only in 1919, with expectation of a postwar housing boom, that (MRCE) was formed.

MRCE went on to develop estates at near,, Cecil Park and Grange Estate at and the Cedars Estate at and create places such as. The term ' was coined by the Met's marketing department in 1915 when the Guide to the Extension Line became the Metro-land guide, priced at 1. This promoted the land served by the Met for the walker, visitor and later the house-hunter. Published annually until 1932, the last full year of independence for the Met, the guide extolled the benefits of 'The good air of the Chilterns', using language such as 'Each lover of Metroland may well have his own favourite wood beech and coppice — all tremulous green loveliness in Spring and russet and gold in October'.

The dream promoted was of a modern home in beautiful countryside with a fast railway service to central London. By 1915, people from across London had flocked to live the new suburban dream in large newly built areas across North West London. Interwar suburban expansion in England [ ] Suburbanisation in the interwar period was heavily influenced by the of and the creation of the first garden suburbs at the turn of the 20th century. The first garden suburb was developed through the efforts of and her husband; inspired by and the model housing development movement (then exemplified by garden city), as well as the desire to protect part of from development, they established trusts in 1904 which bought 243 acres of land along the newly opened Northern line extension to and created the. The suburb attracted the talents of architects including and Sir, and it ultimately grew to encompass over 800 acres.

Semi-detached cottages, built c.1870. During the the was commissioned to make recommendations for the post war reconstruction and housebuilding. In part, this was a response to the shocking lack of fitness amongst many recruits during World War One, attributed to poor living conditions; a belief summed up in a housing poster of the period 'you cannot expect to get an A1 population out of C3 homes' - referring to military fitness classifications of the period.

The Committee's report of 1917 was taken up by the government, which passed the, also known as the Addison Act after Dr., the then Minister for Housing. The Act allowed for the building of large new housing estates in the suburbs after the, and marked the start of a long 20th century tradition of state-owned housing, which would later evolve into. The Report also legislated on the required, minimum standards necessary for further suburban construction; this included regulation on the maximum housing density and their arrangement and it even made recommendations on the ideal number of bedrooms and other rooms per house. Although the house was first designed by the (a father and son architectural partnership) in the 19th century, it was during the suburban housing boom of the interwar period that the design first proliferated as a suburban icon, being preferred by home owners to the smaller. The design of many of these houses, highly characteristic of the era, was heavily influenced by the movement, taking influence from,, and even ship design. Within just a decade suburbs dramatically increased in size. Went from just 1,500 to over 10,000 while jumped from 3,000 to over 20,000.

During the 1930s, over 4 million new suburban houses were built, the 'suburban revolution' had made England the most heavily suburbanized country in the world, by a considerable margin. North America [ ]. Big box shopping centers in suburban Boston and New York spawned the first major suburbs. The streetcar lines in Boston and the rail lines in Manhattan made daily commutes possible.

No metropolitan area in the world was as well served by railroad commuter lines at the turn of the twentieth century as New York, and it was the rail lines to Westchester from the Grand Central Terminal commuter hub that enabled its development. Westchester's true importance in the history of American suburbanization derives from the upper-middle class development of villages including, and serving thousands of businessmen and executives from Manhattan. Post-war suburban expansion [ ] The suburban population in North America exploded during the.

Returning veterans wishing to start a settled life moved in masses to the suburbs. Developed as a major prototype of mass-produced housing.

Housing [ ] Very little housing had been built during the Great Depression and World War, except for emergency quarters near war industries. Overcrowded and inadequate apartments was the common condition. Some suburbs had developed around large cities where there was rail transportation to the jobs downtown. However, the real growth in suburbia depended on the availability of automobiles, highways, and inexpensive housing. The population had grown, and the stock of family savings had accumulated the money for down payments, automobiles and appliances. The product was a great housing boom.

Whereas, an average of 316,000 new housing non-farm units should have been constructed 1930s through 1945, there were 1,450,000 annually from 1946 through 1955. The guaranteed low cost loans for veterans, with very low down payments, and low interest rates. With 16 million eligible veterans, the opportunity to buy a house was suddenly at hand. In 1947 alone, 540,000 veterans bought one; their average price was $7300. The construction industry kept prices low by standardization – for example standardizing sizes for kitchen cabinets, refrigerators and stoves, allowed for mass production of kitchen furnishings.

Developers purchased empty land just outside the city, installed tract houses based on a handful of designs, and provided streets and utilities, or local public officials race to build schools. The most famous development was, in Long Island just east of New York City. It offered a new house for $1000 down, and $70 a month; it featured three bedrooms, fireplace, gas range and gas furnace, and a landscaped lot of 75 by 100 feet, all for a total price of $10,000. Veterans could get one with a much lower down payment. At the same time, African Americans were for better jobs and educational opportunities than were available to them in the segregated South.

Their arrival in Northern cities en masse, in addition to being followed by race riots in several large cities such as,,, and, further stimulated white suburban migration. The growth of the suburbs was facilitated by the development of laws, and numerous innovations in transport. After World War II availability of stimulated a housing boom in American suburbs.

In the older cities of the northeast U.S., originally developed along train or lines that could shuttle workers into and out of city centers where the jobs were located. This practice gave rise to the term ', meaning that most daytime business activity took place in the city, with the working population leaving the city at night for the purpose of going home to sleep. Economic growth in the United States encouraged the suburbanization of American cities that required massive investments for the new infrastructure and homes. Consumer patterns were also shifting at this time, as purchasing power was becoming stronger and more accessible to a wider range of families. Suburban houses also brought about needs for products that were not needed in urban neighborhoods, such as lawnmowers and automobiles. During this time commercial shopping malls were being developed near suburbs to satisfy consumers' needs and their car–dependent lifestyle. Zoning laws also contributed to the location of residential areas outside of the city center by creating wide areas or 'zones' where only residential buildings were permitted.

These suburban residences are built on larger lots of land than in the central city. For example, the lot size for a residence in Chicago is usually 125 feet (38 m) deep, while the width can vary from 14 feet (4.3 m) wide for a row house to 45 feet (14 m) wide for a large stand–alone house. [ ] In the suburbs, where stand–alone houses are the rule, lots may be 85 feet (26 m) wide by 115 feet (35 m) deep, as in the Chicago suburb of. [ ] Manufacturing and commercial buildings were segregated in other areas of the city. Alongside, many companies began locating their offices and other facilities in the outer areas of the cities, which resulted in the increased density of older suburbs and the growth of lower density suburbs even further from city centers.

An alternative strategy is the deliberate design of 'new towns' and the protection of around cities. Some social reformers attempted to combine the best of both concepts in the. In the U.S., 1950 was the first year that more people lived in suburbs than elsewhere.

In the U.S, the development of the skyscraper and the sharp inflation of downtown real estate prices also led to downtowns being more fully dedicated to businesses, thus pushing residents outside the city center. Suburbs worldwide [ ] United States [ ] In the 20th century, many suburban areas, especially those not within the political boundaries of the city containing the central business area, began to see independence from the central city as an asset. In some cases, suburbanites saw self-government as a means to keep out people who could not afford the added suburban property maintenance costs not needed in city living. Federal for suburban development accelerated this process as did the practice of by banks and other lending institutions. In some cities such as and, the main city is much smaller than the surrounding suburban areas, leaving the city proper with a small portion of the metro area's population and land area. And, the two most populous suburbs in the United States, are actually more populous than many of America's largest cities, including Miami, Minneapolis, New Orleans, Cleveland, Tampa, St.

Louis, Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, and others. Virginia Beach has exceeded the population of its neighboring primary city,.

While Virginia Beach has slowly been taking on the characteristics of an urban city, it will not likely achieve the population density and urban characteristics of Norfolk. It is generally assumed that the population of, another suburb of Norfolk, will also exceed Norfolk in 2018 if its current growth rate continues at its same pace. Is typical of many American central cities; its municipal borders have changed little since 1922, even though the Cleveland urbanized area has grown many times over. [ ] Several layers of suburban municipalities now surround cities like,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, and. Suburbs in the United States have a prevalence of usually homes.

They are characterized by: • Lower than central cities, dominated by single-family homes on small – anywhere from 0.1 acres and up – surrounded at close quarters by very similar dwellings. • patterns that separate residential and commercial development, as well as different intensities and densities of development.

Daily needs are not within walking distance of most homes. • A greater percentage of and lesser percentage of citizens of than in urban areas. However, suburbanization grew between 1970 and 1980 by 2.6% as a result of central city neighborhoods expanding into older neighborhoods vacated by whites. • carved from previously rural land into multiple-home developments built by a single. These subdivisions are often by minute differences in home value, creating entire communities where family incomes and demographics are almost completely homogeneous.

• and behind large parking lots instead of a classic. • A road network designed to conform to a, including, leading to larger residential streets, in turn leading to large collector roads, in place of the common to most central cities and pre-World War II suburbs. • A greater percentage of one- administrative buildings than in urban areas. • Compared to areas, suburbs usually have greater population density, higher standards of living, more complex road systems, more franchised stores and restaurants, and less farmland and wildlife. By 2010, suburbs increasingly gained people in racial minority groups, as many members of minority groups became better educated, more affluent, and sought more favorable living conditions compared to inner city areas. Conversely, many white Americans also moved back to city centers.

Nearly all major city (such as,, or ) are experiencing a renewal, with large population growth, residential apartment construction, and increased social, cultural, and infrastructural investments, as have suburban neighborhoods close to city centers. Better, proximity to work and cultural attractions, and frustration with suburban life and have attracted young Americans to the city centers. Canadian suburbs [ ]. Higher-Density Development in as seen from the Compared to the American counterpart, Canadian suburbs are more dense (mostly in major cities), with the Toronto suburb of itself being Canada's 6th largest city. Land use patterns in Canadian suburbs are often more mixed-use.

There are often high- or mid-rise developments interspersed with low-rise housing tracts and in many suburban areas, there are numerous slab-style residential highrises that were constructed in the 1970s and onward. In Canada, densities are generally slightly higher than in Australia, but below typical European values. Often, Canadian suburbs are less automobile-centred and public transit use is encouraged but can be notably unused. Throughout Canada, especially in and, there are comprehensive plans in place to curb sprawl, such as Ontario's Places to Grow act. This act is intended to manage growth in Toronto's suburbs, including Pickering and Ajax, Markham, Richmond Hill, Thornhill, Vaughan, Bolton/Caledon, Brampton, Mississauga, and Oakville, among others. Canada is an urbanized nation where over 80% of the population live in urban areas (loosely defined), and roughly two-thirds live in one of Canada's 33 (CMAs) with a population of over 100,000. However, of this metropolitan population, in 2001 nearly half lived in low-density neighborhoods, with only one in five living in a typical 'urban' neighborhood.

The percentage living in low-density neighborhoods varied from a high of nearly two-thirds of residents (67%), to a low of about one-third of residents (34%). Population and income growth in Canadian suburbs had tended to outpace growth in core urban or rural areas, but in many areas this trend has now reversed. The suburban population increased 87% between 1981 and 2001, well ahead of urban growth.

The majority of recent population growth in Canada's three largest metropolitan areas (,, and ) has occurred in non-core municipalities, although this trend has already reversed itself in Toronto, where a building boom has begun to take place. This trend is also beginning to take effect in Vancouver, and to a lesser extent, Montreal. In certain cities, particularly and, suburban growth takes place within the city boundaries as opposed to in bedroom communities. This is due to annexation and large geographic footprint within the city borders. Other countries [ ]. A neighbourhood in,.

In many parts of the developed world, suburbs can be economically distressed areas, inhabited by higher proportions of recent immigrants, with higher delinquency rates and social problems. Sometimes the notion of suburb may even refer to people in real misery, who are kept at the limit of the city borders for economic, social, and sometimes ethnic reasons. An example in the developed world would be the of France, or the of Sweden, even if the suburbs of these countries also include middle-class and upper-class neighborhoods that often consist of. Thus some of the suburbs of most of the developed world are comparable to several of the U.S. The growth in the use of trains, and later automobiles and highways, increased the ease with which workers could have a job in the city while in from the suburbs. In the United Kingdom, as mentioned above, railways stimulated the first mass exodus to the suburbs.

The, for example, was active in building and promoting its own housing estates in the north-west of London, consisting mostly of detached houses on large plots, which it then marketed as '. The Australian and New Zealand usage came about as outer areas were quickly surrounded in fast-growing cities, but retained the appellation suburb; the term was eventually applied to the original core as well. In Australia, 's urban sprawl has occurred predominantly in the. The locality of was designated an official suburb in 2009. In the UK, the government is seeking to impose minimum densities on newly approved housing schemes in parts of. The goal is to 'build sustainable communities' rather than housing estates.

However, commercial concerns tend to delay the opening of services until a large number of residents have occupied the new neighbourhood. In Mexico, suburbs are generally similar to their United States counterparts. Houses are made in many different architectural styles which may be of European, American and International architecture and which vary in size. Suburbs can be found in, Mexico City,, and most major cities.

Is an example of an affluent suburb, although it is located inside the city and by no means is today a suburb in the strict sense of the word. In the rest of Latin America, the situation is similar to that of Mexico, with many suburbs being built, most notably in and, which have experienced a boom in the construction of suburbs since the late 1970s and early 80s. As the growth of middle-class and upper-class suburbs increased, low-class squatter areas have increased, most notably in Mexico, in Chile, in Peru, in Argentina, in Guatemala and of Brazil. Brazilian affluent suburbs are generally denser, more vertical and mixed in use.

They concentrate infrastructure, investment and attention from the municipal seat and the best offer of mass transit. True sprawling towards neighboring municipalities is typically empoverished – periferia ( the periphery, in the sense of it dealing with ) –, with a very noticeable example being the rail suburbs of – the North Zone, the, the part of the West Zone associated with SuperVia's Ramal de Santa Cruz. These, in comparison with the inner suburbs, often prove to be remote, violent with inadequate sewer structure coverage, saturated mass transit, more precarious running water, electricity and communication services, and lack of urban planning and landscaping, while also not necessarily qualifying as actual favelas or slums.

They often are former agricultural land or wild areas settled through squatting, and grew in amount particularly due to mass during the years of the military dictatorship. This is particularly true to, Rio de Janeiro and, which grew with migration from more distant and empoverished parts of the country and dealt with overpopulation as a result. In, suburb of, South Africa. In Africa, since the beginning of the 1990s, the development of middle-class suburbs boomed.

Due to the industrialization of many African countries, particularly in cities such as, and, the middle class has grown. In an illustrative case of South Africa, housing has been built.

In much of, many houses are American in appearance, but are smaller, and often consist of a kitchen and living room, two or three bedrooms, and a bathroom. However, there are more affluent neighborhoods, more comparable to American suburbs, particularly east of the.

In Cape Town there is a distinct European style which is due to the European influence during the mid-1600s when the Dutch conquered the area. Houses like these are called Cape Dutch Houses and can be found in the affluent suburbs of and. In the illustrative case of Rome, Italy, in the 1920s and 1930s, suburbs were intentionally created ex novo in order to give lower classes a destination, in consideration of the actual and foreseen massive arrival of poor people from other areas of the country.

Many critics have seen in this development pattern (which was circularly distributed in every direction) also a quick solution to a problem of (keeping the unwelcome poorest classes together with the criminals, in this way better controlled, comfortably remote from the elegant 'official' town). On the other hand, the expected huge expansion of the town soon effectively covered the distance from the central town, and now those suburbs are completely engulfed by the main territory of the town. Other newer suburbs (called ) were created at a further distance from them. In Russia, the term suburb refers to high-rise residential apartments which usually consist of two bedrooms, one bathroom, a kitchen and a living room. These suburbs, however are usually not in poor neighborhoods, unlike the. Apartments in suburban In China, the term suburb is new, although suburbs are already being constructed rapidly. Chinese suburbs mostly consist of rows upon rows of and condos that end abruptly into the countryside.

Also new town developments are extremely common. Single family suburban homes tend to be similar to their Western equivalents; although primarily outside Beijing and Shanghai, also mimic Spanish and Italian architecture. In Hong Kong, however, suburbs are mostly government-planned new towns containing numerous public housing estates. New Towns such as may gain notoriety as a slum. However, other new towns also contain private housing estates and low density developments for the upper classes. In Japan, the construction of suburbs has boomed since the end of World War II and many cities are experiencing the effect.

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• • • • (documentary film).

• • • The 2010 Pune bombing occurred on 13 February 2010 at approximately 19:15 when a bomb exploded at the German Bakery in the city of, Maharashtra, India. The blast killed 17 people, and injured at least 60 more, including an Italian woman, two Sudanese students, and an Iranian student. The German Bakery is located near the Jewish and the (an international meditation resort) in, Pune. The ashram and the bakery are frequented by foreigners and the bakery, which is popular with tourists and locals alike, was busy at the time of the blast. Two little known groups, the Laskhar-e-Taiba Al Alami and the Mujahideen Islami Muslim Front, claimed they were behind the bomb attack. But, according to government agencies, the attack could have been part of a project by to use the, called the Karachi project., a Pakistani-American terror suspect, has been accused of involvement in the project.

The German Bakery in November 2007 The site of the bombing was the German Bakery, a two-decade-old popular establishment in Pune. The bakery, situated on the ground floor of a corner building in the Koregaon Park area of Pune, was reduced to rubble, though the rest of the building was left intact. At the time of the explosion, the bakery's limited seating areas were full of students and foreign visitors from the nearby Osho Ashram. A security alert had been issued in October 2009 for a Jewish in the vicinity of the German Bakery, but the Bakery was not deemed to be at risk at the time. Initial media reports indicated that a (LPG) cylinder used for cooking had caused the blast, but the Pune City issued a statement that the cylinders at German bakery were intact. Businessman Bharat Turakhia, who suffered shrapnel injuries from the blast, saved several lives by taking the victims to a hospital and helped the police in their investigation.

Security agencies confirmed shortly thereafter that the explosion was a terrorist strike. Victims [ ] Deaths by nationality Country Number India 13 Sudan 2 Italy 1 Nepal 1 Iran 1 Total 18 Nine people were killed instantly. The rest of the victims succumbed to their injuries a few days later, while undergoing treatment. The,, announced, 'Regarding the compensation payment to the dead, the families will be paid 500,000 (US$ 11,000) per person who has died in the unfortunate incident. And whatever the medical expenditure is for the people who have been admitted to the hospitals the costs will be entirely by the government'.

About sixty people were injured in the bombing. Forty-six were men and the rest were women. Twelve of the injured were foreigners: five were Iranian, two were Sudanese and two were Nepalese, and one each from Italy, Taiwan, and Yemen.

List of victims: Name Age Nationality Saied Abdulkhani 26 Iran Rajeev Agarwal 23 India Suleiman Alfatah 21 Sudan Atul Ganpat Anap 26 India Anindyee Dhar 19 India Ankik Dhar 24 India Binita Gadani 22 India Shilpa Goenka 23 India Aditi Jindal 23 India Nadia Macerini 37 Italy Aditya Jaiprakash Mehta 24 India Gokul Nepali 30 Nepal Shankar Pansare 27 India Abhishek Saxena 24 India P. Sindhuri 22 India Anaj Sulaiman 21 Sudan Vikas Tulsiani 24 India Equipment [ ] Commissioner of Police, Satyapal Singh, after receiving the preliminary report from the Forensic Science Laboratory (FSL), stated that explosive had been used. Together with nuts and bolts were used in the bomb. He added, 'According to the FSL report received last night, the material used for the explosive was a combination of, and petroleum hydrocarbon oil ().

However, the quantity used has not been determined yet. Also the trigger mechanism is still subject to investigation.'

It is not known whether a remote detonator or a timer was used to set off the blast. Initial hypotheses about the perpetrators and motives [ ]. The bomb exploded 200 metres from the Osho ashram's main gate. On 14 February, the Indian stated that responsibility for the blast had not yet been determined, but that Indian authorities were making attempts to interview, a Pakistani-American businessman, accused of involvement with terrorism who was then undergoing trial in the United States. In connection with the bomb blast, the Indian, also referred to Headley. News organisations have reported that Headley had visited Pune in July 2008 and March 2009 to the area near the blast and described him as a suspected member of, one of the largest and most active South Asian terrorist organisations.

Pillai also said that the attack could be part of a project by Lashkar-e-Taiba to use the in what Headley apparently called the 'Karachi project' during his interrogation by the U.S. The attack occurred just a few days after an agreement was reached between India and Pakistan to resume dialogue at a meeting on 25 February in New Delhi. The incident added to the government’s vulnerability, with the opposition asking for suspension of the bilateral talks. A little known group calling itself the Laskhar-e-Taiba Al Alami claimed it was behind the bomb attack in Pune in a phone call to the Islamabad office of the Indian daily. The caller appeared to be educated, and said the group had split from the due to its affinity to Pakistan’s. The call appeared to originate from the Miramshah or Bannu district in.

Ilyas Kashmiri was believed to have masterminded the attack. He was killed in a drone strike in Pakistan on June 3, 2011. Investigation [ ] The Maharashtra police had announced a probe was under way to establish the cause of the explosion, while a team was sent from New Delhi to to assist in the investigations. Consequently, the entire country was put on high alert, especially and. After a detailed review of the internal security situation in the wake of the attack, Prime Minister directed the Union and Maharashtra governments to take coordinated and effective action to speedily investigate the terror attack.

Investigation in the blast is being carried out by the Maharashtra government's along with the in Delhi. Maharashtra ATS Chief K P Raghuvanshi is heading the blast probe. The agency has got crucial (CCTV) footage of the alleged bombers. Investigators first focused their attention on the possibility that the attacks were carried out by a Pune jihad cell known to have existed since at least since 2006. This came out from the questioning of Mohammad Peerbhoy, an Indian Mujahideen operative held in the course of a national counter-terrorism operation that targeted the Lashkar-linked group in 2008.

Just moments before the explosion, Paras Rimal, a waiter at the German Bakery had noticed the bag (containing explosives). When Paras moved in to investigate the bag, he was called out of the bakery by an unknown motorist who paid him ₹200 (US$3.10) to fetch a glass of water. Since Paras was away from the blast he sustained mild injuries and has become an important eyewitness for the police. Investigators are also including other Indian metropolitan cities like and in the probe. Popular destinations where foreigners are often seen are being searched.

Similarly people who checked in or out of hotels in the surrounding areas are also being tracked down. Over 40 people have been arrested during the investigation. Among them are four Kashmiris arrested in, Karnataka. Pune police arrested two suspects from Pune's suburbs on 16 February 2010.

Another two were detained in. The Maharashtra Anti-Terrorism Squad (ATS) identified, believed to be a relative of Indian Mujahideen founder, as one of the main conspirators of the blast in a preliminary report submitted to the State Government on 7 April 2010. The investigating agency, in its report, has identified four more suspects involved in the blast, including the planters of the bomb – laden bag which went off in the German Bakery. Maharashtra home minister told the Legislative Council that the suspects would be arrested in a few days and more details would be disclosed at a later stage. On 24 May 2010, Maharashtra ATS arrested Abdul Samad Bhatkal, younger brother of Yaseen Bhatkal, as he got off Air India flight 812 at for his alleged involvement in a little-known murder case. However, Home Minister later identified him as the prime suspect in the German Bakery blast. Bhatkal had left for Dubai shortly after the blast and was returning after his visa expired.

He was arrested using a Lookout Notice that was issued by the Mumbai police. Samad was trying to slip into the country through the Bajpe Airport by taking advantage of the situation that prevailed following the 22 May 2010 crash at Mangalore of flight. Bhatkal was apprehended based on investigation of CCTV footage from the German Bakery. In September 2010, the ATS arrested Mirza Himayat Baig (29) for his involvement in the attack, as well as his aide Shaikh Lalbaba Mohammed Hussain alias Bilal (27), both believed to be members of Islamist militant terrorist organisation. Baig was said to have taken bomb-making training in in 2008.

On 30 November 2011, arrested six suspected operatives whom they claimed to be the perpetrators of the 2010 Pune bombing, the Chinnaswamy stadium blast and the. One national was also reported to have been arrested. Two of the seven people were arrested in and were identified by the as Mohammad Irshad Khan (age 50) and Abdul Rahman (age 19), hailing from district of. Another individual – Ghayur Jamil – a student at a in was also arrested from on the charge of recruiting youths from near the Indo-Nepal border for terrorist activities, Abdul Rahman being one of such recruits. This charge was disputed by Jamil's father who billed him as a good orator and an honest, religious man who had lost a bag containing his belongings – including his PAN card, residential proof and photos – a few days back. A Pune court on 18 April 2013 awarded a death sentence to Indian Mujahideen operative Himayat Baig, who was earlier in the week convicted for his involvement in the blasts.

Baig's lawyer A Rahman had said that though they respected the verdict, they would appeal against it in the Bombay High Court. Reaction [ ] Domestic reactions [ ] • • Prime Minister who discussed the situation with Home Minister, directed speedy investigation so that “the culprits responsible for this heinous act are identified and brought to justice at the earliest,’’ • President described the Pune blast as an “unfortunate incident.” In a statement, opposition leader said: “The BJP urges the government to reconsider both these steps: allowing persons from to return and resuming the dialogue with Pakistan.

Terror and talks cannot coexist.” • The condemned the Pune blast and asked the Union government to provide all help to Maharashtra to bring the guilty to book. • chief minister said 'Terrorist strikes being reported from different parts of the country are matters of grave concern,' adding that the threat should be viewed seriously and stern measures must be taken to tackle the menace.

• Union Agricultural minister, said 'It is not alright to arrive at a conclusion that the entire Pune city has been targeted. The place where the blast took place is an isolated area' adding 'when I was Chief Minister, Mumbai saw 11 simultaneous blasts but everything returned to normal soon.' International reactions [ ] • – Prime Minister condemned the blast and indicated that the still wants the peace talks to go ahead. • – In a statement, the British High Commission condemned the Pune attack and expressed the UK’s solidarity with India. “We condemn the cowardly attack on innocent people in Pune. The UK expresses its wholehearted solidarity with India. Our sympathies and condolences are with the families of all those affected in this incident,” it said.

• – Ambassador condemned the Pune bombing. 'On behalf of the people of the United States, I extend heartfelt sympathy to the Government of India and the victims of this tragic terrorist blast in Pune.

The US remains shoulder-to-shoulder with India in the fight against terror and will assist as needed to help bring the perpetrators of this cowardly act to justice.' President condemned the blast that took place in Pune and expressed his condolences on the loss of life in a phone call to Prime Minister Manmohan Singh. See also [ ] • • • • References [ ]. • ^ ET Bureau (14 February 2010).. The Economic Times.

• Siddhesh Inamdar (27 February 2010).. • IANS (24 February 2010).. Retrieved 24 February 2010. 21 February 2010. Retrieved 21 February 2010. • Asseem Shaikh, Swati Shinde and Mihir Tanksale (14 February 2010).. The Times of India.

Retrieved 14 February 2010. • Nirupama Subramanian and (17 February 2010).. Chennai, India. • Pratik Salunke (24 February 2010)..

The Asian Age. 15 February 2010. The Times of India. 16 February 2010. • Harmeet Singh, Tom Watkins (14 February 2010).. Retrieved 14 February 2010. • Prachi Pinglay (13 February 2010)..

The Economic Times. 13 February 2010. Retrieved 13 February 2010. Hindustan Times.

Archived from on 16 February 2010. Retrieved 13 February 2010. 13 February 2010.

Retrieved 15 February 2010. Times of India. Retrieved 24 January 2017. • Shinde, Swati (14 February 2010).. The Times of India. Retrieved 15 February 2010.

Chennai, India. 14 February 2010. Retrieved 16 February 2010.

•, Sakaal Times, 15 February 2010. • ^ Inamdar, Siddhesh; Rahi Gaikwad (15 February 2010).. Retrieved 16 February 2010. Daily News and Analysis. 21 February 2010. Retrieved 21 February 2010. 14 February 2010.

Retrieved 9 April 2010. 16 February 2010.

Retrieved 16 February 2010. • Vikas Bajaj and Jim Yardley (14 February 2010)..

The New York Times. From the original on 16 February 2010. Retrieved 16 February 2010. The Indian Express. 9 November 2009. • PR Newswire-US Newswire (27 October 2009)..

• Bhowmik, Rituparna (13 February 2010)... From the original on 13 February 2010. Retrieved 30 November 2014. The Times of India. 15 February 2010. Retrieved 14 February 2010. 14 February 2010.

• Nirupama Subramanian (16 February 2010).. Islamabad, Pakistan. • Nirupama Subramanian and Praveen Swami (16 February 2010).. Islamabad, Pakistan. • • Special Correspondent (14 February 2010).. The Indian Express. 15 February 2010.

Retrieved 15 February 2010. • Praveen Swami (15 February 2010).. • Mihir Tanksale, Umesh Isalkar (19 February 2010).. The Times of India. Retrieved 19 February 2010.

The Times of India. 18 February 2010. Retrieved 19 February 2010.

The Indian Express. 15 February 2010. Retrieved 16 February 2010.

16 February 2010. Retrieved 17 February 2010. • PTI (7 April 2010).. • ^ Asseem Shaikh, Mihir Tanksale and Mateen Hafeez (25 May 2010).. The Times of India. • Staff Writer (25 May 2010).. • Sudipto Mondal (25 May 2010)..

The Times of India. 9 September 2010. Retrieved 12 September 2010. 30 November 2011. 30 November 2011.

Hindustan Times. 30 November 2011. The Indian Express. 30 November 2011. 29 November 2011. 18 April 2013. • PTI (15 February 2010)..

• PTI (15 February 2010).. • PTI (15 February 2010).. The Times of India. 17 February 2010. India Today, Headlines Today Bureau.

13 February 2010. • Rafiq Maqbool (14 February 2010).. Associated Press.

Retrieved 14 February 2010. • ^ PTI (15 February 2010).. • Special Correspondent (18 February 2010)..

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