1900 7th In office 17 July 1890 – 12 January 1896 Monarch Governor Preceded by Succeeded by John Gordon Sprigg Personal details Born Cecil John Rhodes ( 1853-07-05)5 July 1853,, England Died 26 March 1902 ( 1902-03-26) (aged 48), (now ) Citizenship United Kingdom Nationality British Relations Francis William Rhodes (Father) Louisa Peacock Rhodes (Mother) (Brother) Occupation Businessman Politician Cecil John Rhodes (5 July 1853 – 26 March 1902) was a British businessman, mining and in southern Africa who served as of the from 1890 to 1896. An ardent believer in British, Rhodes and his founded the southern African territory of (now Zimbabwe and Zambia), which the company named after him in 1895. South Africa's is also named after him.

Rhodes set up the provisions of the, which is funded by his estate, and put much effort towards his vision of a through British territory. The son of a vicar, Rhodes grew up in, Hertfordshire, and was a sickly child.

He was sent to South Africa by his family when he was 17 years old in the hope that the climate might improve his health. He entered the diamond trade at in 1871, when he was 18, and over the next two decades gained near-complete domination of the world diamond market. His diamond company, formed in 1888, retains its prominence into the 21st century. Rhodes entered the in 1880, and a decade later became Prime Minister. After overseeing the formation of Rhodesia (modern-day Zimbabwe) during the early 1890s, he was forced to resign as Prime Minister in 1896 after the disastrous, an unauthorised attack on 's (or Transvaal). After Rhodes's death in 1902, at the age of 48, he was buried in the in what is now Zimbabwe.

At the time of his death he was already a very controversial figure. One of Rhodes's primary motivators in politics and business was his professed belief that the was, to quote his, 'the first race in the world'. Under the reasoning that 'the more of the world we inhabit the better it is for the human race', he advocated vigorous and ultimately a reformation of the so that each component would be self-governing and in London. Ambitions such as these, juxtaposed with his policies regarding indigenous Africans in the Cape Colony—describing the country's black population as largely 'in a state of barbarism', he advocated their governance as a 'subject race' and was at the centre of moves to marginalise them politically—have led recent critics to characterise him as a and 'an architect of.' Historian Richard A.

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McFarlane has called Rhodes 'as integral a participant in southern African and British imperial history as or are in their respective eras in United States history. Most histories of South Africa covering the last decades of the nineteenth century are contributions to the of Cecil Rhodes.' According to McFarlane, the aforementioned historiography 'may be divided into two broad categories: approval or utter vilification'. Paul Maylam identifies three perspectives: works that attempt to either venerate or debunk Rhodes, and 'the intermediate view, according to which Rhodes is not straightforwardly assessed as either hero or villain'. Rhodes' birthplace, now part of; the bedroom in which he was born is marked by a plaque Rhodes was born in 1853 in, Hertfordshire, England. He was the fifth son of the Reverend Francis William Rhodes and his wife Louisa Peacock Rhodes.

His father was a who was proud of never having preached a sermon longer than 10 minutes. His siblings included, who became an army officer. Rhodes attended the from the age of nine, but, as a sickly, adolescent, he was taken out of grammar school in 1869 and, according to Basil Williams, [ ] 'continued his studies under his father's eye (.) His health was weak and there were even fears that he might be, a disease of which several of the family showed symptoms. His father therefore determined to send him abroad to try the effect of a sea voyage and a better climate.

Herbert [Cecil's brother] had already set up as a planter in, South Africa, so Cecil was despatched on a sailing vessel to join Herbert in Natal. The voyage to Durban took him seventy days, and on 1 September 1870 he first set foot on African soil, a tall, lanky,, fair-haired boy, shy and reserved in bearing.' His family's hope was that the climate would improve his health. They expected he would help his older brother Herbert who operated a cotton farm. [ ] South Africa [ ] When he first came to Africa, Rhodes lived on money lent by his aunt Sophia. [ ] After a brief stay with the Surveyor-General of Natal,, in, Rhodes took an interest in agriculture. He joined his brother Herbert on his cotton farm in the valley in Natal.

The land was unsuitable for cotton, and the venture failed. In October 1871, 18-year-old Rhodes and his brother Herbert left the colony for the diamond fields of. Financed by, Rhodes succeeded over the next 17 years in buying up all the smaller diamond mining operations in the Kimberley area. In 1873, he returned to to study at, but stayed there for only one term after which he went back to South Africa.

His monopoly of the world's diamond supply was sealed in 1890 through a strategic partnership with the London-based Diamond Syndicate. They agreed to control world supply to maintain high prices. [ ] [ ] Rhodes supervised the working of his brother's claim and on his behalf. Among his associates in the early days were and, who later became his partner in the and the Niger Oil Company. During the 1880s, had been devastated by a epidemic. The diseased vineyards were dug up and replanted, and farmers were looking for alternatives to wine.

In 1892, Rhodes financed The at, a venture created by Harry Pickstone, an Englishman who had experience with fruit-growing in California. [ ] The shipping magnate had just undertaken the first successful refrigerated export to Europe and in 1896, after consulting with Molteno, Rhodes began to pay more attention to export fruit farming and bought farms in Groot Drakenstein, and Stellenbosch. A year later, he bought Rhone and and commissioned to build him a cottage there.

[ ] [ ] The successful operation soon expanded into, and formed a cornerstone of the modern-day Cape fruit industry. Education [ ]. A portrait bust of Rhodes on the first floor of No. 6 marks the place of his residence whilst in. In 1873, Rhodes left his farm field in the care of his business partner, Rudd, and sailed for England to study at university.

He was admitted to, but stayed for only one term in 1873. He returned to South Africa and did not return for his second term at Oxford until 1876. He was greatly influenced by 's inaugural lecture at, which reinforced his own attachment to the cause of British.

Among his Oxford associates were, later a fellow of and a director of the, and Charles Metcalfe [ ]. Due to his university career, Rhodes admired the Oxford 'system'. Eventually he was inspired to develop his scholarship scheme: 'Wherever you turn your eye—except in science—an Oxford man is at the top of the tree'.

While attending Oriel College, Rhodes became a in the. Although initially he did not approve of the organisation, he continued to be a Freemason until his death in 1902. The shortcomings of the Freemasons, in his opinion, later caused him to envisage his own secret society with the goal of bringing the entire world under British rule. [ ] According to, he set up the to this end. Diamonds and the establishment of De Beers [ ]. Sketch of Rhodes by During his years at Oxford, Rhodes continued to prosper in Kimberley. Before his departure for Oxford, he and C.D.

Rudd had moved from the to invest in the more costly claims of what was known as old De Beers ( Vooruitzicht). It was named after Johannes Nicolaas de Beer and his brother, Diederik Arnoldus, who occupied the farm. After purchasing the land in 1839 from David Danser, a chief in the area, David Stephanus Fourie, Claudine Fourie-Grosvenor's forebearer, had allowed the de Beers and various other Afrikaner families to cultivate the land. The region extended from the via the Vet River up to the. [ ] In 1874 and 1875, the diamond fields were in the grip of depression, but Rhodes and Rudd were among those who stayed to consolidate their interests. They believed that diamonds would be numerous in the hard that had been exposed after the softer, yellow layer near the surface had been worked out.

During this time, the technical problem of clearing out the water that was flooding the mines became serious. Rhodes and Rudd obtained the contract for pumping water out of the three main mines. After Rhodes returned from his first term at Oxford he lived with Robert Dundas Graham, who later became a mining partner with Rudd and Rhodes.

On 13 March 1888, Rhodes and Rudd launched after the amalgamation of a number of individual claims. With £200,000 of capital, the company, of which Rhodes was secretary, owned the largest interest in the mine (£200,000 in 1880 = £12.9m in 2004 = $22.5m USD ). Rhodes was named the chairman of at the company's founding in 1888.

De Beers was established with funding from N M Rothschild & Sons Limited in 1887. Politics in South Africa [ ]. This section needs additional citations for.

Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2014) () In 1880, Rhodes prepared to enter public life at the Cape. With the earlier incorporation of into the under the in 1877, the area had obtained six seats in the. Rhodes chose the rural and predominately constituency of, which would remain faithful to Rhodes until his death. When Rhodes became a member of the, the chief goal of the assembly was to help decide the future of.

[ ] The ministry of was trying to restore order after the 1880 rebellion known as the. The Sprigg ministry had precipitated the revolt by applying its policy of disarming all native Africans to those of the Basotho nation. In 1890, Rhodes became Prime Minister of the Cape Colony. He introduced the to push black people from their lands and make way for industrial development. Rhodes's view was that black people needed to be driven off their land to 'stimulate them to labour' and to change their habits.

'It must be brought home to them', Rhodes said, 'that in future nine-tenths of them will have to spend their lives in manual labour, and the sooner that is brought home to them the better.' The growing number of enfranchised black people in the Cape led him to raise the franchise requirements in 1892 to counter this preponderance, with drastic effects on the traditional.

By simultaneously limiting the amount of land black Africans were legally allowed to hold while tripling the property qualifications required to vote, Rhodes succeeded in disenfranchising the black population, as, to quote, most would now 'find it almost impossible to get back on the list because of the legal limit on the amount of land they could hold'. In addition, Rhodes was an early architect of the, which would limit the areas of the country that black Africans were allowed to less than 10%. At the time, Rhodes would argue that 'the native is to be treated as a child and denied the franchise. We must adopt a system of despotism, such as works in India, in our relations with the barbarism of South Africa.' Rhodes also introduced educational reform to the area. His policies were instrumental in the development of policies in South Africa, such as the.

Rhodes did not, however, have direct political power over the independent Boer Republic of the. [ ] He often disagreed with the Transvaal government's policies, which he considered unsupportive of mine-owners' interests. In 1895, believing he could use his influence to overthrow the Boer government, Rhodes supported the infamous, an attack on the Transvaal with the tacit approval of Secretary of State for the Colonies. The raid was a catastrophic failure.

It forced Cecil Rhodes to resign as Prime Minister of the Cape Colony, sent his oldest brother Col. To jail in Transvaal convicted of and nearly sentenced to death, and contributed to the outbreak of the.

Expanding the British Empire [ ] Rhodes and the imperial factor [ ]. ' – by, published in after Rhodes announced plans for a line from to in 1892. Rhodes used his wealth and that of his business partner and other investors to pursue his dream of creating a in new territories to the north by obtaining from the most powerful.

Rhodes' competitive advantage over other mineral prospecting companies was his combination of wealth and astute political instincts, also called the 'imperial factor', as he often collaborated with the British Government. He befriended its local representatives, the British, and through them organised British over the mineral concession areas via separate but related treaties. In this way he obtained both legality and security for mining operations. He could then attract more investors.

Imperial expansion and capital investment went hand in hand. The imperial factor was a double-edged sword: Rhodes did not want the of the in London to interfere in the Empire in Africa. He wanted British settlers and local politicians and governors to run it. This put him on a collision course with many in Britain, as well as with British, who favoured what they saw as the more ethical direct rule from London.

Rhodes prevailed because he would pay the cost of administering the territories to the north of South Africa against his future mining profits. The Colonial Office did not have enough funding for this. Rhodes promoted his business interests as in the strategic interest of Britain: preventing the, the or the from moving into south-central Africa. Rhodes' companies and agents cemented these advantages by obtaining many mining concessions, as exemplified by the Rudd and Lochner Concessions.

Treaties, concessions and charters [ ] Rhodes had already tried and failed to get a mining concession from, king of the of. In 1888 he tried again. He sent, son of the missionary, who was trusted by Lobengula, to persuade the latter to sign a treaty of friendship with Britain, and to look favourably on Rhodes' proposals. His associate Charles Rudd, together with Francis Thompson and Rochfort Maguire, assured Lobengula that no more than ten white men would mine in Matabeleland. This limitation was left out of the document, known as the, which Lobengula signed. Furthermore, it stated that the mining companies could do anything necessary to their operations. When Lobengula discovered later the true effects of the concession, he tried to renounce it, but the British Government ignored him.

During the Company's early days, Rhodes and his associates set themselves up to make millions (hundreds of millions in current pounds) over the coming years through what has been described as a '. Which must be regarded as one of Rhodes's least creditable actions'. Contrary to what the British government and the public had been allowed to think, the Rudd Concession was not vested in the British South Africa Company, but in a short-lived ancillary concern of Rhodes, Rudd and a few others called the Central Search Association, which was quietly formed in London in 1889. This entity renamed itself the United Concessions Company in 1890, and soon after sold the Rudd Concession to the Chartered Company for 1,000,000 shares. When Colonial Office functionaries discovered this chicanery in 1891, they advised to consider revoking the concession, but no action was taken. Armed with the Rudd Concession, in 1889 Rhodes obtained a from the British Government for his (BSAC) to rule, police, and make new treaties and concessions from the to the great lakes of Central Africa. He obtained further concessions and treaties north of the, such as those in (the Lochner Concession with King in 1890, which was similar to the Rudd Concession); and in the area ('s 1890 concession).

Rhodes also sent Sharpe to get a concession over mineral-rich, but met his match in ruthlessness: when Sharpe was rebuffed by its ruler, King obtained a concession over Msiri's dead body for his. Rhodes also wanted (now ) incorporated in the BSAC charter. But three kings, including, travelled to Britain and won over British public opinion for it to remain governed by the British Colonial Office in London.

Rhodes commented: 'It is humiliating to be utterly beaten by these niggers.' The British also decided to administer () owing to [ ] the activism of [ ] trying to end the.

[ ] Rhodes paid much of the cost so that the British Central Africa Commissioner, and his successor Alfred Sharpe, would assist with security for Rhodes in the BSAC's north-eastern territories. Johnston shared Rhodes' expansionist views, but he and his successors were not as pro-settler as Rhodes, and disagreed on dealings with Africans. Rhodesia [ ].

Rhodes and the Ndebele izinDuna make peace in the, as depicted by, 1896 The BSAC had its own police force, the, which was used to control and, in present-day. [ ] The company had hoped to start a 'new ' from the ancient gold mines of the.

Because the gold deposits were on a much smaller scale, many of the white settlers who accompanied the BSAC to Mashonaland became farmers rather than miners. When the and the Shona—the two main, but rival, peoples—separately rebelled against the coming of the European settlers, the BSAC defeated them in the and. Shortly after learning of the assassination of the Ndebele spiritual leader, Mlimo, by the American scout, Rhodes walked unarmed into the Ndebele stronghold in. He persuaded the to lay down their arms, thus ending the Second Matabele War. By the end of 1894, the territories over which the BSAC had concessions or treaties, collectively called 'Zambesia' after the flowing through the middle, comprised an area of 1,143,000 km² between the and.

In May 1895, its name was officially changed to 'Rhodesia', reflecting Rhodes' popularity among settlers who had been using the name informally since 1891. The designation was officially adopted in 1898 for the part south of the Zambezi, which later became Zimbabwe; and the designations and were used from 1895 for the territory which later became, then. Rhodes decreed in his will that he was to be buried in Matobo Hills. After his death in the Cape in 1902, his body was transported by train to.

His burial was attended by Ndebele chiefs, who asked that the firing party should not discharge their rifles as this would disturb the spirits. Then, for the first time, they gave a white man the Matabele royal salute, Bayete. Rhodes is buried alongside and 34 British soldiers killed in the. Despite occasional efforts to return his body to the United Kingdom, his grave remains there still, 'part and parcel of the history of Zimbabwe' and attracts thousands of visitors each year. 'Cape to Cairo Red Line' [ ]. Main articles: and One of Rhodes' dreams (and the dream of many other members of the ) was for a 'red line' on the map from the Cape to Cairo (on geo-political maps, British dominions were always denoted in red or pink). Rhodes had been instrumental in securing southern African states for the Empire.

He and others felt the best way to 'unify the possessions, facilitate governance, enable the military to move quickly to hot spots or conduct war, help settlement, and foster trade' would be to build the '. This enterprise was not without its problems. France had a rival strategy in the late 1890s to link its colonies from west to east across the continent and the Portuguese produced the ', representing their claims to sovereignty in Africa. Ultimately, and proved to be the main obstacles to the British dream until the United Kingdom seized from the Germans as a. Political views [ ].

Cecil Rhodes Rhodes wanted to expand the British Empire because he believed that the was destined to greatness. In his last will and testament, Rhodes said of the British, 'I contend that we are the first race in the world, and that the more of the world we inhabit the better it is for the human race. I contend that every acre added to our territory means the birth of more of the English race who otherwise would not be brought into existence.' Rhodes wanted to make the British Empire a superpower in which all of the British-dominated countries in the empire, including Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and Cape Colony, would be. Rhodes included American students as eligible for the Rhodes scholarships. He said that he wanted to breed an American elite of who would have the United States rejoin the British Empire. As Rhodes also respected and admired the Germans and their, he allowed German students to be included in the Rhodes scholarships.

He believed that eventually the United Kingdom (including Ireland), the US, and Germany together would dominate the world and ensure perpetual peace. [ ] Rhodes's views on race have been debated. Critics on the left have labelled him as an 'architect of ' and a ', particularly since 2015.

According to Magubane, Rhodes was 'unhappy that in many Cape Constituencies, Africans could be decisive if more of them exercised this right to vote under current law [referring to the Cape Qualified Franchise],' with Rhodes arguing that 'the native is to be treated as a child and denied the franchise. We must adopt a system of despotism, such as works in India, in our relations with the barbarism of South Africa'.

Rhodes advocated the governance of indigenous Africans living in the Cape Colony 'in a state of barbarism and communal tenure' as 'a subject race. I do not go so far as the member for Victoria West, who would not give the black man a vote.. If the whites maintain their position as the supreme race, the day may come when we shall be thankful that we have the natives with us in their proper position.' However historian Raymond C.

Mensing, notes that Rhodes has the reputation as the most flamboyant exemplar of the British imperial spirit, and always believed that British institutions were the best. Mensing argues that Rhodes quietly developed a more nuanced concept of imperial federation in Africa and that his mature views were more balanced and realistic.

Rhodes was not a biological or maximal racist. Despite his support for what became the basis for the apartheid system, he is best seen as a cultural or minimal racist, according to Mensing. On domestic politics within Britain Rhodes was a supporter of the. Rhodes' only major impact was his large-scale support of the Irish nationalist party, led by (1846–1891). Rhodes worked well with the Afrikaners in the Cape Colony.

He supported teaching Dutch as well as English in public schools. While Prime Minister of the Cape Colony, he helped to remove most of their legal disabilities. He was a friend of, leader of the, and it was largely because of Afrikaner support that he became Prime Minister of the Cape Colony. Rhodes advocated greater self-government for the Cape Colony, in line with his preference for the empire to be controlled by local settlers and politicians rather than by London Personal relationships [ ] Personal life [ ] Rhodes never married, pleading, 'I have too much work on my hands' and saying that he would not be a dutiful husband. [ ] Some writers and academics have suggested that Rhodes may have been. The scholar Richard Brown observed: 'On the issue of Rhodes' sexuality. There is, once again, simply not enough reliable evidence to reach firm, irrefutable conclusions.

It is inferred, but not proven, that Rhodes was homosexual and it is assumed (but not proven) that his relationships with men were sometimes physical. Neville Pickering is described as Rhodes' lover in spite of the absence of decisive evidence.' Rhodes was close to Pickering; he returned from negotiations for Pickering's 25th birthday in 1882.

On that occasion, Rhodes drew up a new will leaving his estate to Pickering. [ ] Two years later, Pickering suffered a riding accident. Rhodes nursed him faithfully for six weeks, refusing even to answer telegrams concerning his business interests. Pickering died in Rhodes's arms, and at his funeral, Rhodes was said to have wept with fervour. Brown comments: 'there is still the simpler but major problem of the extraordinarily thin evidence on which the conclusions about Rhodes are reached.

Rhodes himself left few details. Indeed, Rhodes is a singularly difficult subject. Since there exists little intimate material – no diaries and few personal letters.' French caricature of Rhodes, showing him trapped in Kimberley during the Second Boer War, seen emerging from tower clutching papers with champagne bottle behind his collar.

During the Rhodes went to at the onset of the, in a calculated move to raise the political stakes on the government to dedicate resources to the defence of the city. The military felt he was more of a liability than an asset and found him intolerable. The officer commanding the garrison of Kimberley, Lieutenant Colonel, experienced serious personal difficulties with Rhodes because of the latters' inability to co-operate; [ ] Despite these differences, Rhodes' company was instrumental in the defence of the city, providing water, refrigeration facilities, constructing fortifications, manufacturing an, shells and a one-off gun named. [ ] Rhodes used his position and influence to lobby the British government to relieve the siege of Kimberley, claiming in the press that the situation in the city was desperate. The military wanted to assemble a large force to take the Boer cities of and, but they were compelled to change their plans and send three separate smaller forces to relieve the sieges of Kimberley, and. Death and legacy [ ].

Funeral of Rhodes in Adderley St, Cape Town on 3 April 1902 Although Rhodes remained a leading figure in the politics of southern Africa, especially during the, he was dogged by ill health throughout his relatively short life. He was sent to Natal aged 16 because it was believed the climate might help problems with his heart. On returning to England in 1872 his health again deteriorated with heart and lung problems, to the extent that his doctor,, believed he would only survive six months. He returned to Kimberley where his health improved. From age 40 his heart condition returned with increasing severity until his death from heart failure in 1902, aged 48, at his seaside cottage in Muizenberg. The Government arranged an epic journey by train from the Cape to Rhodesia, with the funeral train stopping at every station to allow mourners to pay their respects.

He was finally laid to rest at World's View, a hilltop located approximately 35 kilometres (22 mi) south of, in what was then. Today, his grave site is part of, Zimbabwe. The continued presence of Rhodes' grave in the Matopos hills has not been without controversy in contemporary Zimbabwe. In December 2010, the, branded Rhodes' grave outside the country's second city of Bulawayo an 'insult to the African ancestors' and said he believed its presence had brought bad luck and poor weather to the region. The grave site is considered an important national and historic monument on protected land which attracts many tourist visitors every year.

In February 2012, Mugabe loyalists and activists visited the grave site demanding permission from the local chief to exhume Rhodes' remains and return them to Britain. This was considered a nationalist political stunt in the run up to an election, rather than representing any genuine national desire to remove the grave. Local Chief Masuku and Godfrey Mahachi, one of the country's foremost archaeologists, strongly expressed their opposition to the grave being removed due to its historical significance to Zimbabwe. President has also opposed the move. In 2004, he was voted 56th in the television series. At his death he was considered one of the wealthiest men in the world. In his first will, written in 1877 before he had accumulated his wealth, Rhodes wanted to create a that would bring the whole world under British rule.

Statue of Rhodes in Kimberley stands on Rhodes' favourite spot on the slopes of,, with a view looking north and east towards the route. From 1910 to 1984 Rhodes' house in Cape Town,, was the official Cape residence of the Prime Ministers of South Africa and continued as a presidential residence of P. His birthplace was established in 1938 as the Rhodes Memorial Museum, now known as. Alavudeente Albhuthavilakku Serial Cast. The cottage in where he died is a provincial heritage site in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. The cottage today is operated as a museum by the Muizenberg Historical Conservation Society, and is open to the public. A broad display of Rhodes material can be seen, including the original De Beers board room table around which diamonds worth billions of dollars were traded. [ ] Rhodes University College, now, in, was established in his name by his trustees and founded by Act of Parliament on 31 May 1904.

The residents of Kimberley elected to build a memorial in Rhodes' honour in their city, which was unveiled in 1907. The 72-ton bronze statue depicts Rhodes on his horse, looking north with map in hand, and dressed as he was when met the Ndebele after their. Opposition [ ]. • This is not the same person as the cricketer • With the provision of funding for the creation of De Beers in 1887, Rothschild also turned to investment in the mining of precious stones, in Africa and India and today markets 40% of the world's rough diamonds, and at one time marketed 90%. • His account of how 'Cecil Rhodes' made his first fortune by discovering, in Australia, in the belly of a shark, a newspaper that gave him advance knowledge of a great rise in wool prices, is completely fictional – Twain dates the event at 1870, when Rhodes was in South Africa.

References [ ]. •, Cape Town Diamond Museum] • ^, p. 58. Measuring Worth. Retrieved 2014-08-20. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2017-07-20. • ^ Meredith, Martin (2008).

Diamonds, Gold and War: The Making of South Africa. Simon & Schuster. • 13 September 2011 at the. • (17 April 1994).. The Independent.

Retrieved 15 January 2016. • ^ Mnyanda, Siya (25 March 2015).. The Guardian. Retrieved 15 January 2016. • Jeeva (2011-10-01).. Retrieved 2017-07-20.

• Parkinson, Justin (2015-04-01).. Retrieved 2017-07-20. • ^, p. 179–181. A History of Rhodesia. • Attiah, Karen (25 November 2015).. The Washington Post.

Washington, D.C. Retrieved 15 January 2016. • Plaut, Martin (16 April 2015).. New Statesman.

Retrieved 15 January 2016. Mensing, 'Cecil Rhodes's Ideas of Race and Empire.' International Social Science Review 61#3 (1986): 99-106. • Thomas Pinney (1995)..

Palgrave Macmillan UK. McCracken (2003).. Ulster Historical Foundation. •, pp. 131–133. • ^, pp. 370-371. •, pp. 218, 230. • Pakenham, Thomas.

The Boer War. • Wilson, Scott. Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons, 3d ed.: 2 (Kindle Location 39431). McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. Kindle Edition •.

•, pp. 101-102. • ^, p. 23-45. • On Rhodes' leadership and peace goals for the, see, 'Instincts to Lead': On Leadership, Peace, and Education', Connor Court: Australia, 2013. • Masondo, Sipho (22 March 2015)..

Retrieved 20 January 2016. 9 April 2015. Retrieved 10 April 2015. • Grootes, Stephen (6 April 2015)... Retrieved 7 April 2015. • Ispas, Mara..

SA Breaking News. Retrieved 1 June 2015.

• Hind, Hassan (12 July 2015).. Retrieved 13 July 2015. 12 July 2015.